Scalable two-terminal all-perovskite tandem solar modules with a 19.1% efficiency

Abstract Monolithic all-perovskite tandem photovoltaics promise to combine low-cost and high-efficiency solar energy harvesting with the advantages of all-thin-film technologies. To date, laboratory-scale cells have only been fabricated using non-scalable fabrication techniques. In response, this work reports on laser-scribed modules processed exclusively scalable methods (blade coating vacuum deposition), demonstrating power conversion efficiencies up 19.1% (aperture area, 12.25 cm 2 ; geometric fill factor, 94.7%) stable output. Compared performance our spin-coated reference (efficiency, 23.5%; 0.1 ), prototypes demonstrate substantial advances in technological readiness photovoltaics. By means electroluminescence imaging laser-beam-induced current mapping, we homogeneous collection both subcells over entire module which explains low losses (<5% rel ) open-circuit voltage factor for modules.